南京大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2020, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (3): 366381.doi: 10.13232/j.cnki.jnju.2020.03.006
Huiyuan Xu1,2,3,4(),Dujie Hou3(),Simon C George4,Quanyou Liu1,2
摘要:
中国东部陆相渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系沙河街组油页岩中有机质的富集机制一直是研究热点,但关于异养生物及硫循环对有机质富集过程影响的研究较少.通过有机地球化方法对东营凹陷沙河街组第三、四段富有机质烃源岩进行精细研究,认为伴随着明显的水体分层,藻类勃发进一步加剧了底水缺氧的条件,海水带来了丰富的硫酸盐促进了强烈的细菌硫还原(Bacterial Sulfur Reduction, BSR)作用,将这种缺氧条件进一步扩展到水柱上部形成透光层缺氧(Photic Zone Euxinia, PZE),而PZE有利于光合自养绿硫菌的剧烈活动.强烈的BSR作用及间歇性的PZE控制东营凹陷古湖盆中藻类等水生生物的组成,原核细菌及海相金藻类对有机质富集有一定贡献.通过分析海相藻类生物标志物C30 24?正丙基胆甾烷和透光层缺氧生物标志物异海绵烷与有机碳丰度的关系,研究认为在相对丰富的外源硫酸盐输入、厌氧异养细菌作用、光能自养细菌作用和透光层缺氧条件下形成的硫循环,对东营古湖盆沙河街组烃源岩有机质的富集起主要控制作用.
中图分类号:
1 | Demaison G J,Moore G T. Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis. Organic Geochemistry,1980,2(1):9-31. |
2 | Pedersen T F,Calvert S E. Anoxia vs. Productivity:What controls the formation of organic?carbon?rich sediments and sedimentary rocks. AAPG Bulletin,1990,74(4):454-466. |
3 | Tyson R V,Pearson T H. Modern and ancient continental shelf anoxia:an overview. Arctic and Alpine Research,1991,58(1):1-24. |
4 | Kelts K. Environments of deposition of lacustrine petroleum source rocks:an introduction. Geological Society,London,Special Publications,1988,40(1):3-26. |
5 | Valero?Garcés B L,Grosjean M,Kelts K,et al. Holocene lacustrine deposition in the Atacama Altiplano:facies models,climate and tectonic forcing. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,1999,151(1-3):101-125. |
6 | Wang G L,Wang T G,Simoneit B R T,et al. The distribution of molecular fossils derived from dinoflagellates in Paleogene lacustrine sediments (Bohai Bay Basin,China). Organic Geochemistry,2008,39(11):1512-1521. |
7 | Zhang L Y,Liu Q,Zhu R F,et al. Source rocks in mesozoic?cenozoic continental rift basins,east china:a case from DONGYING depression,Bohai Bay basin. Organic Geochemistry,2009,40(2):229-242. |
8 | Donovan D T,Jones E J W. Causes of world?wide changes in sea level. Journal of the Geological Society,1979,136(2):187-192. |
9 | Zhang T W,Zhang M J,Bai B J,et al. Origin and accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Huanghua depression,Bohai Bay Basin,China. AAPG Bulletin,2008,92(3):341-358. |
10 | Li S M,Pang X Q,Li M W,et al. Geochemistry of petroleum systems in the Niuzhuang South Slope of Bohai Bay Basin?part 1:source rock characterization. Organic Geochemistry,2003,34(3):389-412. |
11 | Bao J P,Li M W. Unprecedented occurrence of novel C26?C28 21?norcholestanes and related triaromatic series in evaporitic lacustrine sediments. Organic Geochemistry,2001,32(8):1031-1036. |
12 | Wang G L,Wang T G,Simoneit B R T,et al. Investigation of hydrocarbon biodegradation from a downhole profile in Bohai Bay Basin:implications for the origin of 25?norhopanes. Organic Geochemistry,2013,55:72-84. |
13 | Zhu D Y,Jin Z J,Hu W X,et al. Effect of igneous activity on hydrocarbon source rocks in Jiyang Sub?basin,Eastern China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2007,59(3-4):309-320. |
14 | 张林晔.湖相烃源岩研究进展.石油实验地质,2008,30(6):591-595. |
15 | Chen Z H,Huang W,Liu Q,et al. Geochemical characteristics of the Paleogene shales in the Dongying depression,eastern China. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2016,73:249-270. |
16 | Cranwell P A. Organic geochemistry of Cam Loch (Sutherland) sediments. Chemical Geology,1977,20:205-221. |
17 | Philp R P. Petroleum formation and occurrence. Eos,Transactions American Geophysical Union,1985,66(37):643-644. |
18 | Tegelaar E W,Matthezing R M,Jansen J B H,et al. Possible origin of n?alkanes in high?wax crude oils. Nature,1989,342(6249):529-531. |
19 | Eglinton G,Hamilton R J. Leaf epicuticular waxes. Science,1967,156(3780):1322-1335. |
20 | Ficken K J,Li B,Swain D L,et al. An n?alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes. Organic Geochemistry,2000,31(7-8):745-749. |
21 | Derenne S,Largeau C,Casadevall E,et al. Comparison of torbanites of various origins and evolutionary stages. Bacterial contribution to their formation. Causes of the lack of botryococcane in bitumens. Organic Geochemistry,1988,12(1):43-59. |
22 | Huang H P,Zheng Y B,Zhang Z W,et al. Lacustrine biomass:an significant precursor of high wax oil. Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(18):1987-1994. |
23 | Feng Z H,Fang W,Zhang J H,et al. Distribution and significance of C40+ alkanes in the extracts of Cretaceous source rocks from the Songliao Basin. Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2007,50(10):1510?1520. |
24 | Riboulleau A,Schnyder J,Riquier L,et al. Environmental change during the early cretaceous in the purbeck?type durlston bay section (Dorset,Southern England):a biomarker approach. Organic Geochemistry,2007,38(11):1804-1823. |
25 | Bechtel A,Jia J L,Strobl S A I,et al. Palaeoenvironmental conditions during deposition of the Upper Cretaceous oil shale sequences in the Songliao Basin (NE China):implications from geochemical analysis. Organic Geochemistry,2012,46:76-95. |
26 | Summons R E,Bird L R,Gillespie A L,et al. Lipid biomarkers in ooids from different locations and ages:evidence for a common bacterial flora. Geobiology,2013,11(5):420-436. |
27 | Goossens H,De Leeuw J W,Schenck P A,et al. Tocopherols as likely precursors of pristane in ancient sediments and crude oils. Nature,1984,312(5993):440-442. |
28 | Volkman J K,Maxwell J R. Acyclic isoprenoids as biological markers. Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics,1986,24:1-42. |
29 | Ten Haven H L,De Leeuw J W,Rullk?tter J,et al. Restricted utility of the pristane/phytane ratio as a palaeoenvironmental indicator. Nature,1987,330(6149):641-643. |
30 | Didyk B M,Simoneit B R T,Brassell S C,et al. Organic geochemical indicators of palaeoenvironmental conditions of sedimentation. Nature,1978,272(5650):216-222. |
31 | Otto A,Wilde V. Sesqui?,di?,and triterpenoids as chemosystematic markers in extant conifers:a review. The Botanical Review,2001,67(2):141-238. |
32 | Ourisson G,Albrecht P,Rohmer M. The hopanoids:palaeochemistry and biochemistry of a group of natural products. Pure and Applied Chemistry,1979,51(4):709-729. |
33 | Damsté J S S,Schouten S. Is there evidence for a substantial contribution of prokaryotic biomass to organic carbon in Phanerozoic carbonaceous sediments? Organic Geochemistry,1997,26(9-10):517-530. |
34 | Damsté J S S,Kenig F,Koopmans M P,et al. Evidence for gammacerane as an indicator of water column stratification. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1995,59(9):1895-1900. |
35 | Peters K E,Walters C C,Moldowan J M. The biomarker guide. The 2nd Edition. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005,527-530. |
36 | Wang G L,Li S,Wang T G,et al. Applications of molecular fossils in lacustrine stratigraphy. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,2010,29(1):15-20. |
37 | Connan J,Bouroullec J,Dessort D,et al. The microbial input in carbonate?anhydrite facies of a sabkha palaeoenvironment from Guatemala:a molecular approach. Organic Geochemistry,1986,10(1-3):29-50. |
38 | Clark J P,Philp R P. Geochemical characterization of evaporite and carbonate depositional environments and correlation of associated crude oils in the Black Creek Basin,Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1989,37(4):401-416. |
39 | Peters K E,Moldowan J M. Effects of source,thermal maturity,and biodegradation on the distribution and isomerization of homohopanes in petroleum. Organic Geochemistry,1991,17(1):47-61. |
40 | Huang W Y,Meinschein W G. Sterols as ecological indicators. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1979,43(5):739-745. |
41 | Grantham P J,Wakefield L L. Variations in the sterane carbon number distributions of marine source rock derived crude oils through geological time. Organic Geochemistry,1988,12(1):61-73. |
42 | Volkman J K,Barrett S M,Blackburn S I,et al. Microalgal biomarkers:a review of recent research developments. Organic Geochemistry,1998,29(5-7):1163-1179. |
43 | Volkman J K. Sterols and other triterpenoids:source specificity and evolution of biosynthetic pathways. Organic Geochemistry,2005,36(2):139-159. |
44 | Moldowan J M,Seifert W K,Gallegos E J. Relationship between petroleum composition and depositional environment of petroleum source rocks. AAPG Bulletin,1985,69(8):1255-1268. |
45 | Mackenzie A S. Applications of biological markers in petroleum geochemistry∥Brooks J,Welte D H. Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry. London:Academic Press,1984:115-214. |
46 | Liu C L,Wang P X. The role of algal blooms in the formation of lacustrine petroleum source rocks ? Evidence from Jiyang depression,Bohai Gulf Rift Basin,eastern China. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2013,388:15-22. |
47 | Raederstorff D,Rohmer M. Sterols of the unicellular algae Nematochrysopsis roscoffensis and Chrysotila lamellosa:isolation of (24E)?24?n?propylidenecholesterol and 24?n?propylcholesterol. Phytochemistry,1984,23(12):2835-2838. |
48 | Moldowan J M,Fago F J,Lee C Y,et al. Sedimentary 24?n?propylcholestanes,molecular fossils diagnostic of marine algae. Science,1990,247(4940):309-312. |
49 | Grosjean E,Love G D,Stalvies C,et al. Origin of petroleum in the Neoproterozoic?Cambrian South Oman salt basin. Organic Geochemistry,2009,40(1):87-110. |
50 | Volkman J K. Sterols in microorganisms. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2003,60(5):495-506. |
51 | McCaffrey M A,Moldowan J M,Lipton P A,et al. Paleoenvironmental implications of novel C30 steranes in Precambrian to Cenozoic age petroleum and bitumen. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1994,58(1):529-532. |
52 | Love G D,Grosjean E,Stalvies C,et al. Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period. Nature,2009,457(7230):718-721. |
53 | Moldowan J M. C30 steranes,novel markers for marine petroleums and sedimentary rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1984,48(12):2767-2768. |
54 | Cao H R,Hu J F,Peng P A,et al. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Late Santonian Songliao paleo?lake. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2016,457:290-303. |
55 | Hu J F,Peng P A,Liu M Y,et al. Seawater incursion events in a Cretaceous paleo?lake revealed by specific marine biological markers. Scientific Reports,2015,5:9508. |
56 | Peters K E,Clutson M J,Robertson G. Mixed marine and lacustrine input to an oil?cemented sandstone breccia from Brora,Scotland. Organic Geochemistry,1999,30(4):237-248. |
57 | Aboglila S,Grice K,Trinajstic K,et al. The significance of 24?norcholestanes,4?methylsteranes and dinosteranes in oils and source?rocks from East Sirte Basin (Libya). Applied Geochemistry,2011,26(9-10):1694-1705. |
58 | Hughes W B,Holba A G,Dzou L I P. The ratios of dibenzothiophene to phenanthrene and pristane to phytane as indicators of depositional environment and lithology of petroleum source rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochinica Acta. 1995,59(17):3581-3598. |
59 | Wang G L,Zhang Q,Yang X F,et al. A set of source?and age?diagnostic biomarkers discovered in the marine oils. Acta Geologica Sinica English Edition,2017,91(S1):285-286. |
60 | Sosrowidjojo I B,Alexander R,Kagi R I. The biomarker composition of some crude oils from Sumatra. Organic Geochemistry,1994,21(3-4):303-312. |
61 | Peters K E,Kontorovich A E,Huizinga B J,et al. Multiple oil families in the West Siberian basin. AAPG Bulletin,1994,78(6):893-909. |
62 | McKirdy D M,Summons R,Padley D,et al. Molecular fossils in coastal bitumens from southern Australia:signatures of precursor biota and source rock environments. Organic Geochemistry,1994,21(3-4):265-286. |
63 | Burwood R,Leplat P,Mycke B,et al. Rifted margin source rock deposition:a carbon isotope and biomarker study of a West African Lower Cretaceous "Lacustrine" Section. Organic Geochemistry,1992,19(1-3):41-52. |
64 | Harris N B,Freeman K H,Pancost R D,et al. The character and origin of lacustrine source rocks in the lower cretaceous synrift section,Congo Basin,west Africa. AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(8):1163-1184. |
65 | Harris N B,Freeman K H,Pancost E D,et al. Patterns of organic?carbon enrichment in a lacustrine source rock in relation to paleo–lake level,Basin Congo ,West Africa∥Harris N B. The Deposition of Organic?Carbon?Rich Sediments:Models,Mechanisms,and Consequences. Tulsa,OK,USA:SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology,2005. 103-123. |
66 | Mohriak W U,Mello M R,Dewey J F,et al. Petroleum geology of the Campos Basin,offshore Brazil. Geological Society,London,Special Publications,1990,50(1):119-141. |
67 | Chen J H,Summons R E. Complex patterns of steroidal biomarkers in Tertiary lacustrine sediments of the Biyang Basin,China. Organic Geochemistry,2001,32(1):115-126. |
68 | Rohrssen M,Gill B C,Love G D. Scarcity of the C30 sterane biomarker,24?n?propylcholestane,in lower Paleozoic marine paleoenvironments. Organic Geochemistry,2015,80:1-7. |
69 | 袁波,陈世悦,袁文芳等. 济阳坳陷沙河街组锶硫同位素特征. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2008,38(4):613-617. |
Yuan B,Chen S Y,Yuan W F,et al. Characteristics of strontium and sulfur isotopes in Shahejie Formation of Jiyang depression. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition),2008,38(4):613-617. | |
70 | Koopmans M P,Schouten S,Kohnen M E L,et al. Restricted utility of aryl isoprenoids as indicators for photic zone anoxia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1996,60(23):4873-4876. |
71 | Grice K,Schaeffer P,Schwark L,et al. Molecular indicators of palaeoenvironmental conditions in an immature Permian shale (Kupferschiefer,Lower Rhine Basin,north?west Germany) from free and S?bound lipids. Organic Geochemistry,1996,25(3-4):131-147. |
72 | Grice K,Schouten S,Peters K E,et al. Molecular isotopic characterisation of hydrocarbon biomarkers in Palaeocene?Eocene evaporitic,lacustrine source rocks from the Jianghan Basin,China. Organic Geochemistry,1998,29(5-7):1745-1764. |
73 | Brocks J J,Okenane Schaeffer P. ,a biomarker for purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatiaceae),and other new carotenoid derivatives from the1640Ma barney creek formation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72(5):1396-1414. |
74 | Schwark L,Frimmel A. Chemostratigraphy of the Posidonia black shale,SW?Germany:II. Assessment of extent and persistence of photic?zone anoxia using aryl isoprenoid distributions. Chemical Geology,2004,206(3-4):231-248. |
75 | Melendez I,Grice K,Trinajstic K,et al. Biomarkers reveal the role of photic zone euxinia in exceptional fossil preservation:an organic geochemical perspective. Geology,2013,41(2):123-126. |
76 | Cai C F,Worden R H,Wolff G A,et al. Origin of sulfur rich oils and H2S in tertiary lacustrine sections of the Jinxian Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China. Applied Geochemistry,2005,20(7):1427-1444. |
77 | Berner R A,Raiswell R. C/S method for distinguishing freshwater from marine sedimentary rocks. Geology,1984,12(6):365-368. |
78 | Canfield D E. Biogeochemistry of sulfur isotopes. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry,2001,43(1):607-636. |
79 | Meyer K M,Kump L R. Oceanic euxinia in Earth history:causes and consequences. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2008,36:251-288. |
80 | Damst'e J S S,Rijpstra W I C,Dalen A C K V,et al. Quenching of labile functionalised lipids by inorganic sulphur species:evidence for the formation of sedimentary organic sulphur compounds at the early stages of diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1989,53(6):1343-1355. |
81 | Zerkle A L,Farquhar J,Johnston D T,et al. Fractionation of multiple sulfur isotopes during phototrophic oxidation of sulfide and elemental sulfur by a green sulfur bacterium. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2009,73(2):291-306. |
82 | Cai C F,Zhang C M,Cai L L,et al. Origins of Palaeozoic oils in the Tarim basin:evidence from sulfur isotopes and biomarkers. Chemical Geology,2009,268(3-4):197-210. |
83 | Holser W T,Kaplan I R. Isotope geochemistry of sedimentary sulfates. Chemical Geology,1966,1:93-135. |
84 | Miller K G,Kominz M A,Browning J V,et al. The phanerozoic record of global sea?level change. Science,2005,310(5752):1293-1298. |
85 | Miller K G,Browning J V,Aubry M P,et al. Eocene?Oligocene global climate and sea?level changes:St. Stephens Quarry,Alabama. GSA Bulletin,2008,120(1-2):34-53. |
86 | Haq B U,Hardenbol J,Vail P R,et al. Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea?level change∥Wilgus C K,Hastings B S,Posamentier H,et al. Sea?Level Changes:An Integrated Approach. Tulsa,OK,USA:SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology,1988,42:71-108. |
87 | Haq B U,Hardenbol J,Vail P R. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science,1987,235(4793):1156-1167. |
88 | Wang D H,Lu S C,Han S,et al. Eocene prevalence of monsoon?like climate over Eastern China reflected by hydrological dynamics. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2013,62:776-787. |
89 | Emanuel K A. The dependence of hurricane intensity on climate. Nature,1987,326(6112):483-485. |
90 | Houghton J T,Filho L G M,Callander B A,et al. Climate Change 1995:The science of climate change:contribution of Working Group I to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996. |
91 | Killops S D,Killops V J. Introduction to organic geochemistry. The 2nd Edition. Oxford:Wiley?Blackwell,2005,92-99. |
92 | Long J A,Trinajstic K. The late devonian gogo formation l?gerstatte of western Australia:exceptional early vertebrate preservation and diversity. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2010,38:255-279. |
93 | Hao F,Zhou X H,Zhu Y M,et al. Lacustrine source rock deposition in response to co?evolution of environments and organisms controlled by tectonic subsidence and climate,Bohai Bay Basin,China. Organic Geochemistry,2011,42(4):323-339. |
[1] | 张雪芬1,陆现彩1**,刘庆2,张林哗2,李娟1,马野牧1,张立虎1 . 东营凹陷沙河街组砂岩中自生高岭石特征及其成因探讨*[J]. 南京大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 49(3): 331-342. |
|