南京大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2021, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (6): 971–980.doi: 10.13232/j.cnki.jnju.2021.06.006

• • 上一篇    下一篇

国际地外样品储存与管理状态的对比和启示

张夏冬1, 谷渊涛2, 赵良1()   

  1. 1.南京大学地球科学与工程学院，南京，210023
    2.南京大学地理与海洋科学学院，南京，210023
  • 收稿日期:2021-10-11 出版日期:2021-12-03 发布日期:2021-12-03
  • 通讯作者: 赵良 E-mail:zhaoliang@nju.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E⁃mail：zhaoliang@nju.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家国防科技工业局民用航天技术预先研究项目(D020206)

Comparison of storage and management for international extraterrestrial samples and their implications

Xiadong Zhang1, Yuantao Gu2, Liang Zhao1()   

  1. 1.School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
    2.School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
  • Received:2021-10-11 Online:2021-12-03 Published:2021-12-03
  • Contact: Liang Zhao E-mail:zhaoliang@nju.edu.cn

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摘要：

我国月球与深空探测规划中都有关于样品采集返回的任务，对这些地外返回样品的研究将极大地促进我国行星科学研究的发展.保证采集回的地外样品原始特征不被改变对于后续的科学研究至关重要.地外样品的储存与管理是一个复杂的系统工程.回顾并对比了美国、日本与欧洲（规划中）地外样品储存与管理设施的整体设计、惰性环境控制、设施材料选择、污染管理与清洁等方面的工作.基于已有设施的优缺点，进一步探讨了地外样品保管的新趋势与新挑战，以期对未来地外样品管理与储存工作提供借鉴和参考.

关键词: 地外样品, 样品管理, 污染控制, 储存设施

Abstract:

The sample return missions have been planned in China's lunar and deep space exploration programs. These returned extraterrestrial samples can facilitate rapid advance in planetary science of China. Therefore,it is necessary to have a rigorous program to curate these returned samples to maintain their scientific values. The storage and curation of extraterrestrial samples can be complicated. In this summary,we have summarized and compared the overall design,environment control,material selected,and contamination control and clean of storage facilities in the USA,Japan,and Europe (planned). The future trends and challenges of extraterrestrial sample curation are discussed based on merits and drawbacks of these facilities,which may shed light on extraterrestrial sample storage and curation of extraterrestrial samples in China.

Key words: extraterrestrial samples, sample management, contamination control, storage facilities

中图分类号: 

  • P691

表1

地外样品相关任务的中英文术语及缩写对照表"

中文英文全称英文缩写
阿波罗号Apollo
月球号Luna
嫦娥5号Chang'E 5CE?5
起源号Genesis
星尘号Stardust
隼鸟号Hayabusa
美国国家航空航天局National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA
天体物质获取与管理办公室Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office
月球样品接收实验室Lunar Receiving LaboratoryLRL
美国载人航天中心Manned Spaceflight CenterMSC
美国约翰逊空间中心Johnson Space CenterJSC
美国国家科学基金会National Science FoundationNSF
日本宇宙航空研究开发机构Japan Aerospace Exploration AgencyJAXA
地外样品管理中心Extraterrestrial Sample Curation CenterESCuC
欧洲空间探测返回天体物质管理项目European Curation of Astromaterials Returned from Exploration of SpaceEURO?CARES
欧洲样品管理设施European Sample Curation FacilityESCF

表2

地外样品返回任务统计表"

探测任务返回地球时间目的地返回样品
阿波罗11号（美国）1969.07.24月球：静海21.55 kg月样
阿波罗12号（美国）1969.11.24月球：风暴洋34.30 kg月样
月球16（苏联）1970.09.24月球：丰富海101 g月壤
阿波罗14号（美国）1971.02.09月球：弗拉毛罗区42.80 kg月样
阿波罗15号（美国）1971.08.07月球：哈德利?亚平宁区76.70 kg月样
月球20（苏联）1972.02.25月球：阿梅吉诺坑30 g月壤
阿波罗16号（美国）1972.04.27月球：笛卡儿高地95.20 kg月样
月球24（苏联）1976.08.22月球：危海170.1 g月壤
阿波罗17号（美国）1972.12.19月球：金牛座?利特罗区110.40 kg月样
起源号（美国）2004.09.08日地拉格朗日L1点太阳风粒子
星尘号（美国）2006.01.15彗星81P星际尘埃颗粒
隼鸟1号（日本）2010.06.13小行星丝川尘埃颗粒
隼鸟2号（日本）2020.12.06小行星龙宫
嫦娥5号（中国）2020.12.17月球：吕姆克山脉1731 g月壤

图1

LRL用于月球样品处理的高真空复合体[19]"

图2

现在的地外样品实验室手套箱（NASA?JSC）[12]"

图3

地外样品管理中心（ESCuC）实验室[9]"

图4

Hayabusa返回样品处理室[9]"

图5

Hayabusa 2返回样品处理室[1]"

图6

欧洲样品管理设施（ESCF）整体规划[31]"

表3

地外样品储存实验室条件对比（据文献[1,9,12,16,28]）"

储存管理机构实验室存储样品储存设施环境等级手套箱材料惰性环境设施清洁
NASA天体物质获取与管理办公室

月球样品接收实验室（1967-

1982年)

阿波罗宇航员收集的月球岩石和土壤——不锈钢（304、316L）、高纯石英玻璃窗、氟基橡胶密封件

真空（1967-1969年）

N2环境（1969-1982年）

最终清洁剂：氟利昂113
月球样品实验室（1982年—至今）阿波罗计划返回的月球岩石和土壤，NSF资助的南极科考收集的陨石，NASA高空飞机收集的“宇宙尘埃”，起源号收集的太阳风粒子，星尘号收集的星际尘埃颗粒等八套洁净室套件及相关设施，包括22间洁净室：样品室，实验室，薄片实验室，岩心室和锯床室等ISO 4~7级316L不锈钢、聚碳酸酯和玻璃窗、氟基橡胶密封件和氯丁橡胶手套N2环境

预清洁，最终清洁和高级清洁

最终清洁剂：超纯水（UPW）

JAXA地外样品管理中心地外样品实验室隼鸟号丝川小行星颗粒由四个洁净室组成：行星样品处理室，电子显微镜室，样品制备室，制造和清洁室ISO 5~7级304不锈钢、合成石英玻璃、氟基橡胶密封件、铝（1070、6061）、氟基橡胶手套真空、N2环境

全程清洁：有机溶剂和超纯水进行超声波清洁

酸碱清洁：对石英玻璃进行强酸、强碱、超纯水清洁

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