南京大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2022, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (2): 235–245.doi: 10.13232/j.cnki.jnju.2022.02.007

• • 上一篇    

基于水质目标管理的水功能区调整实践

陈俊颖1,2, 张亚辉3, 杨吉强4, 王燕鹏5, 安树青4, 阮晓红1,2()   

  1. 1.南京大学表生地球化学教育部重点实验室,南京,210093
    2.南京大学地球科学与工程学院水科学系,南京,210093
    3.中国环境科学研究院环境分析测试技术中心,北京,100012
    4.南京大学生命科学学院湿地生态中心,南京,210093
    5.郑州大学综合设计研究院有限公司,郑州,450012
  • 收稿日期:2021-05-26 出版日期:2022-03-30 发布日期:2022-04-02
  • 通讯作者: 阮晓红 E-mail:ruanxh@nju.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E⁃mail:ruanxh@nju.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2017ZX07602003)

Adjustment of water function zone adjustment based on water⁃quality target management

Junying Chen1,2, Yahui Zhang3, Jiqiang Yang4, Yanpeng Wang5, Shuqing An4, Xiaohong Ruan1,2()   

  1. 1.MOE Key Laboratory of Suficial Geochemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 2100093, China
    2.Department of Hydro Sciences, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 2100093, China
    3.Environmental Testing and Laboratory of CRAES, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
    4.Wetland Ecology Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 2100093, China
    5.Zhengzhou University Comprehensive Design and Research Institute Co. LTD, Zhengzhou, 450012, China
  • Received:2021-05-26 Online:2022-03-30 Published:2022-04-02
  • Contact: Xiaohong Ruan E-mail:ruanxh@nju.edu.cn

摘要:

水质目标管理是以保障水体物理、化学及生物的完整性为目标的流域水环境管理模式,将其融入我国现行的水功能区管理,对水生态系统及人类健康安全具有重要意义.从水质目标管理角度剖析了我国现行水功能区管理存在的两大不足,主要表现为在目标设定上,缺乏生态系统连通度、种群规模及种群结构、生物完整性指数等物理完整性及生物完整性目标;在功能设定上,排污控制区的设置忽视了生物安全性要求.以保障水体的完整性为流域管理的核心目标,提出了水功能区调整及其目标体系构建的技术方法.首先,在功能设定上取消排污控制区,结合排污控制区对应的水生态功能、压力状况及实际用水需求,进行功能调整.其次,根据水功能区功能需求、水生态系统安全性需求、生境物理完整性需求,提出水功能区保护目标的指标体系.并对淮河流域的主要支流沙颍河流域进行了功能调整实践,对颍河登封?禹州段进行了调整可行性和目标可达性验证,可为我国水功能区管理提供新思路.

关键词: 水功能区调整, 水质目标管理, 水质安全, 目标体系, 沙颍河流域

Abstract:

Water quality target management (WQTM) is a water environment management mode that ensures the physical,chemical and biological integrity of the watershed. It is critical to integrate the WQTM into China's contemporary water function zone (WFZ) management to promote the wellbeing of the aquatic ecosystem and public health.,This paper analyzes two shortcomings of current WFZ management in China from the perspective of WQTM. The first shortcoming is a lack of objectives regarding the physical integrity of the aquatic ecosystem,such as setting goals in ecosystem connectivity,population size,population structure,and biological integrity index. Another shortcoming lies in the functional setting of the water zone,where the arrangement of the effluent control zone ignores biosafety requirements.This study takes integrity as the goal for watershed management and proposes a technical method for water function zone adjustment and target system construction. First of all,the effluent control zone should be cancelled,where the function of the water zone should be adjusted according to the water ecological function,pressure status,and actual water demand. Secondly,according to the functional needs of WFZ,the security needs of the aquatic ecosystem,and the physical integrity needs of habitat,an index system of WFZ protection objectives will be proposed. The practice of water function zone adjustment and target system construction was applied in the Shaying River Basin (SRB),a major tributary of the Huaihe River Basin. The feasibility of the functional adjustment and the achievement of the integrity goal in the Dengfeng?Yuzhou section of the Yinghe River were verified. The practice sheds light on the management of WFZ in China.

Key words: water function zone adjustment, water quality target management, water quality safety, goal system, Shaying River Basin

中图分类号: 

  • X52

表1

水功能区划区条件"

功能区名称划区条件水质执行标准
保护区

1.重要河流的源头河段;

2.国家级、省级自然保护区用水水域或具有典型生态保护意义的自然生态所在水域;

3.跨流域、跨省的大型调水工程水源地,主要指已建(包括规划水平年建成)调水工程的水源区;

4.省内重要的集中式饮用水水源地.

1.根据需要分别执行《地表水水环境质量标准(GB3838?2002)》[36]Ⅰ、Ⅱ类水质标准;

2.当由于自然、地质原因不满足Ⅰ类或Ⅱ类水质标准时,应维持现状水质;

3.生物指标、生境指标.

保留区

1.受人类活动影响较少,水资源开发利用程度较低的水域;

2.目前不具备开发条件的水域;

3.考虑到可持续发展的需要,为今后的发展预留的水资源区.

1.不低于《地表水水环境质量标准(GB3838?2002)》[36]Ⅲ类水质标准;

2.按现状水质类别控制;

3.生物指标、生境指标.

缓冲区

1.跨省、自治区、直辖市行政区域河流、湖泊的边界附近水域;

2.省级边界河流、湖泊的边界附近水域;

3.用水矛盾突出的地区之间水域.

1.按实际需要执行相关水质标准;

2.按现状控制;

3.生物指标、生境指标.

饮用水源区

1.已有生活用水取水口分布较集中的水域;

2.具有取水条件、在规划水平年内城市发展需设置取水口的水域;

3.每个用水户取水量符合有关水行政主管部门实施的取水许可制度规定的取水限额.

1.执行《地表水水环境质量标准(GB3838?2002)》[36]Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水质标准;

2.经省级人民政府批准的饮用水源一级保护区执行Ⅱ类标准;

3.生物指标、生境指标.

工业用水区

1.现工矿企业生产用水集中取水水域;

2.根据工业布局,在规划水平年内需设置工矿企业生产取水点;

3.每个用水户取水量符合有关水行政主管部门实施的取水许可制度规定的取水限额.

1.执行《地表水水环境质量标准(GB3838?2002)》[36]Ⅳ类水质标准;

2.不低于现状水质类别;

3.生物指标、生境指标.

农业用水区

1.已有农业灌溉用水取水点的水域;

2.根据规划水平年内农业灌溉发展,需要设置农业灌溉集中取水点,且具有取水条件的水域;

3.每个用水户取水量符合有关水行政主管部门实施的取水许可制度规定的取水限额.

1.执行《地表水水环境质量标准(GB3838?2002)》[36]Ⅴ类水质标准;

2.按《农田灌溉水质标准(GB5084)》确定;

3.不低于现状水质类别;

4.生物指标、生境指标.

渔业用水区主要经济鱼类的产卵、索饵、洄游通道,历史悠久或新辟人工放养和保护的渔业水域,水文条件良好、水交换畅通、有合适的地形和底质的水域.

1.执行《地表水水环境质量标准(GB3838?2002)》[36]Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水质标准;

2.生物指标、生境指标.

景观娱乐

用水区

1.有度假、娱乐、运动等用途的水域;

2.有省级以上知名度的水上运动场;

3.省级以上风景名胜区所涉及的水域.

1.执行《地表水水环境质量标准(GB3838?2002)》[36]Ⅲ、Ⅳ类水质标准;

2.不低于现状水质类别;

3.生物指标、生境指标.

过渡区

1.下游用水要求高于上游水质状况;

2.有双向水流的水域,且水质要求不同的相邻功能区之间.

1.以满足出流断面所邻功能区水质要求选用相应的控制标准;

2.生物指标、生境指标.

排污控制区

1.接纳废水中污染物为可稀释降解的;

2.水域的稀释自净能力较强,水文、生态特性适宜于作为排污区;

3.对其他用水不致造成危害的.

1.按出流断面水质达到相邻功能区的水质要求选择相应的水质控制标准;

2.生物指标、生境指标.

图1

水功能区功能调整流程"

表2

B?IBI分级标准"

参数名称理想状态健康亚健康不健康病态
B?IBI80~10060~8040~6020~400~20

图2

沙颍河流域重要江河湖泊水功能区图"

图3

沙颍河流域水生态功能及压力分区图"

表3

水功能区水质目标"

序号原二级功能区名称调整后功能区现状水质下游水功能区水质目标水质目标
1沙河鲁山排污控制区农业用水区
2沙河郾城排污控制区农业用水区
3颍河登封排污控制区过渡区劣Ⅴ
4颍河禹州排污控制区农业用水区
5颍河郾城排污控制区农业用水区
6清潩河长葛排污控制区景观娱乐用水区
7清潩河许昌排污控制区景观娱乐用水区
农业用水区
8贾鲁河郑州排污控制区景观娱乐用水区
9贾鲁河中牟排污控制区农业用水区
10贾鲁河扶沟排污控制区景观娱乐用水区
11贾鲁河西华排污控制区农业用水区
12汾泉河漯河排污控制区农业用水区
13颍河周口排污控制区景观娱乐用水区
14颍河项城、沈丘排污控制区农业用水区
15颍河阜阳排污控制区景观娱乐用水区

图4

功能变更后沙颍河流域水功能区分布图"

表4

研究区重点优控污染物控制目标"

等级镉(mg?L-1氨氮(mg?L-1硝基苯(mg?L-1苯并(a)芘(mg?L-1表征意义
Ⅰ级0.015/0.0074.41×10-495%物种存活率
Ⅱ级0.061/0.0094.70×10-485%物种存活率
Ⅲ级0.213/0.0146.02×10-470%物种存活率
Ⅳ级0.884/0.0279.56×10-450%物种存活率
夏季/0.33///
非夏季/0.54///

表5

研究区生态流量目标 (m3?s-1)"

断 面一 月二 月三 月四 月五 月六 月七 月八 月九 月十 月十一月十二月全 年
周 口10.9710.9710.9730.3730.3730.3730.3730.3730.3710.9710.9710.9720.67
界 首5.195.195.196.518.0119.1525.1224.6019.1511.766.265.1911.78

表6

研究区水功能区保护物种及底栖动物完整性目标"

序号功能区名称鱼类保护物种B?IBI目标
1沙河鲁山排污控制区长吻鮠>60
2沙河郾城排污控制区黄颡鱼>60
3颍河登封排污控制区黄颡鱼>60
4颍河禹州排污控制区暗色沙塘鳢>60
5颍河郾城排污控制区暗色沙塘鳢>60
6清潩河长葛排污控制区暗色沙塘鳢>60
7清潩河许昌排污控制区暗色沙塘鳢>60
8贾鲁河郑州排污控制区暗色沙塘鳢>60
9贾鲁河中牟排污控制区大银鱼>60
10贾鲁河扶沟排污控制区>60
11贾鲁河西华排污控制区黄颡鱼>60
12汾泉河漯河排污控制区黄颡鱼>60
13颍河周口排污控制区黄颡鱼>60
14颍河项城、沈丘排污控制区鳗鲡>60
15颍河阜阳排污控制区大银鱼>60

表7

颍河登封?禹州段水功能区调整前后基本情况"

编 号原二级水功能区调整后二级水功能区原水质目标调整后水质目标现状水质长度(km)
1颍河登封工业用水区颍河登封工业用水区劣Ⅴ16.6
2原颍河登封排污控制区过渡区*劣Ⅴ18
颍河登封过渡区颍河登封过渡区劣Ⅴ15.7
3颍河白沙水库景观娱乐用水区颍河白沙水库景观娱乐用水区劣Ⅴ/
4颍河禹州农业用水区颍河禹州农业用水区3.8
5-颍河禹州过渡区(增设)-18.8
6颍河禹州饮用水源区颍河禹州饮用水源区9.7

表8

调整前后水功能区纳污能力及2018年现状排污量 (t?a-1)"

水功能区名称调整前纳污能力调整后纳污能力现状排污量
CODNH3?NCODNH3?NCODNH3?N
合计1100.77114.591074108.92495.2585.56
颍河登封工业用水区92.125.0592.125.05440.0673.14
颍河登封排污控制区(原)67.023.3314.180.6725.174.33
颍河登封过渡区1.380.0225.487.7
颍河白沙水库景观娱乐用水区821.25100.19821.25100.194.540.39
颍河禹州农业用水区1196103.571.8100
颍河禹州过渡区(增设)--42.881.2--
颍河禹州饮用水源区000000
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